Layered double hydroxides

[M²⁺₁₋ₓM³⁺ₓ(OH)₂]ˣ⁺ [Aⁿ⁻ₓ/ₙ] · mH₂O, e.g. NiFe-LDH, MgAl-LDH

Also called hydrotalcite-like compounds, anionic clays, NiFe-LDH

nanosheet depends on form

Positively charged hydroxide sheets with swappable anions in between – the chemical opposite of ordinary clays. They are cheap, easy to make in water, and among the best catalysts known for the oxygen-evolution half of water splitting in alkaline electrolysers, which is the slow step in making green hydrogen.

Key properties

  • NiFe-LDH is among the most active precious-metal-free catalysts for oxygen evolution in alkaline electrolytes
  • Exchangeable interlayer anions enable pollutant capture, anion exchange and drug delivery
  • Delaminated single-layer nanosheets expose more active sites and improve catalytic activity
  • Highly tunable composition: many combinations of divalent and trivalent metals within a charge-density window
  • Calcination converts LDHs into mixed-metal oxides used as catalysts and CO2 sorbents

How it is made

  • Co-precipitation from metal salt solutions at constant pH – simple and scalable
  • Hydrothermal or urea-hydrolysis growth of more crystalline platelets
  • Delamination in formamide or by anion exchange followed by sonication
  • Direct growth on nickel foam or carbon to make electrodes

Uses, and how close they are

  • Oxygen-evolution catalysts for alkaline and anion-exchange-membrane electrolysersprototype
  • Antacids, PVC heat stabilisers and flame retardants (hydrotalcite)deployed
  • Anion capture, CO2 sorbents and drug deliverylab

Readiness runs lab → prototype → pilot → deployed.

Open problems

  1. What is the true active site in NiFe-LDH oxygen evolution – iron centres, Ni–Fe pairs, or oxyhydroxide surfaces that form during operation?
  2. Can activity be sustained at industrial current densities for thousands of hours, given iron segregation and dissolution?
  3. Do delaminated single layers restack inside electrodes and lose their advantage?

Going deeper

Short notes for specialists. Choose a lens in the header and yours comes first.

For theoreticians · your lens

The catalytically active phase under operation is an oxyhydroxide, not the as-made hydroxide, so models must include potential-dependent deprotonation and surface reconstruction. DFT+U with the computational hydrogen electrode gives adsorption-energy trends but not kinetics; interlayer water and anions affect the electronic structure and should be included.

For experimentalists · your lens

Track interlayer anion exchange through the XRD basal spacing; characterise nickel and iron oxidation states by XPS or, better, operando X-ray absorption. Electrolyte purity matters enormously – trace iron in KOH changes nickel hydroxide activity dramatically – so report the electrolyte source and any purification.

For engineers · your lens

Cheap, abundant and made in water, so scale is not the problem; electrode adhesion and long-term stability at high current density are. The established hydrotalcite markets show that the chemistry itself scales.

Recent news

The newest items tagged LDHs, from the news feed updated 5 Oct 2026.

All 2 items tagged LDHs in the news feed  ·  RSS feed for LDHs

Key references

  1. Hydrotalcite-type anionic clays: preparation, properties and applicationsCavani et al. · Catalysis Today 11, 173 (1991)cited by 5,979doi:10.1016/0920-5861(91)80068-K
  2. An advanced Ni-Fe layered double hydroxide electrocatalyst for water oxidationGong et al. · Journal of the American Chemical Society 135, 8452 (2013)cited by 2,851doi:10.1021/ja4027715
  3. Exfoliation of layered double hydroxides for enhanced oxygen evolution catalysisSong & Hu · Nature Communications 5, 4477 (2014)cited by 2,341doi:10.1038/ncomms5477
  4. Identification of highly active Fe sites in (Ni,Fe)OOH for electrocatalytic water splittingFriebel et al. · Journal of the American Chemical Society 137, 1305 (2015)cited by 2,751doi:10.1021/ja511559d