Tungsten diselenide

WSe₂
van der Waals crystal semiconductor

The p-type partner in the 2D semiconductor family. Where MoS2 conducts electrons, WSe2 can be made to conduct holes well, which is essential for building complementary circuits like those in every modern chip. Its strong spin–orbit coupling and long-lived valley polarisation also make it a mainstay of quantum-optics research, including single-photon emitters.

Crystal structure

  • W
  • Se
Cell
Hexagonal, a = 3.29 Å
Atoms per cell
3
W–Se bond
2.53 Å
Height
3.35 Å between the outer atom centres
The 1H layer again, with tungsten and selenium. Its lattice constant is within 0.1% of MoSe2’s, so MoSe2/WSe2 bilayers stack with almost no lattice mismatch, and the twist angle alone sets the moiré period. Geometry of bulk 2H-WSe2: a = 3.29 Å, selenium planes 1.67 Å above and below the W plane.

Key properties

  • Ambipolar transport; with high-work-function contacts one of the best p-type 2D semiconductors
  • Valence-band spin–orbit splitting at K of ~450 meV
  • Monolayer A exciton at ~1.65 eV; a spin-dark exciton lies roughly 40 meV below the bright one
  • Localised quantum emitters, often at strain sites, first reported in 2015
  • Spin–valley lifetimes of resident holes reaching the microsecond range in heterostructures at low temperature
  • Twisted bilayers superconduct: near 3.5–3.65° below about 200 mK, and at 5.0° up to 426 mK (2024)

How it is made

  • CVD and MOCVD from tungsten precursors with selenium sources
  • Self-flux growth of bulk crystals – markedly fewer point defects than vapour-transport crystals
  • Mechanical exfoliation for high-quality devices and heterostructures

Uses, and how close they are

  • p-type channels for complementary 2D logicprototype
  • Single-photon emitters and valleytronic deviceslab
  • Moiré heterostructures (e.g. WSe2/WS2) for correlated-electron physicslab

Readiness runs lab → prototype → pilot → deployed.

Open problems

  1. Can p-type contact resistance to WSe2 be brought down to the level already achieved for n-type MoS2?
  2. What is the microscopic origin of WSe2 quantum emitters – strain-localised dark excitons, defects, or both?
  3. Can moiré WSe2 heterostructures realise tunable Hubbard-model physics at practical temperatures?

Going deeper

Short notes for specialists. Choose a lens in the header and yours comes first.

For theoreticians · your lens

Large spin–orbit coupling in both bands produces spin-dark and momentum-dark excitons that dominate low-temperature emission, so exciton–phonon coupling and phonon-assisted recombination must be modelled to explain spectra. WSe2/WS2 moiré superlattices are well described by triangular-lattice Hubbard models with tunable U/t and have become a testbed for correlated insulators and generalised Wigner crystals.

For experimentalists · your lens

In monolayers the E′ and A′1 Raman modes nearly coincide near 250 cm−1; use the absence of the interlayer B12g mode (~308 cm−1) together with PL near 1.65 eV to confirm a monolayer. Defect density depends heavily on crystal source – flux-grown crystals usually outperform vapour-transport crystals for optics.

For engineers · your lens

Essential for any complementary 2D technology, since stable p-type MoS2 does not exist. The issues are p-type contacts (high-work-function metals such as Pt or Pd, or charge-transfer doping), threshold-voltage control, and selenium precursor safety in MOCVD.

In the research tracks

Recent news

The newest items tagged WSe2, from the news feed updated 5 Oct 2026.

Preprintnot yet peer reviewed arXiv

Electrostatic Doping of Moiré Superlattices Controls the Optical Fingerprint of a WSe_2 /Twisted Bilayer Graphene heterostructure

We theoretically investigate the optical response of the WSe2 monolayer vertically stacked on twisted bilayer graphene (tBG) under electrostatic doping. In this heterostructure, the doped moiré superlattice of tBG generates a spatially modulated electrostatic potential that couples to the electron and hole constituents…

Preprintnot yet peer reviewed arXiv

Intertwined bulk photocarrier and interfacial barrier dynamics in van der Waals point-contact Schottky junctions

Schottky junctions based on transition-metal dichalcogenides underpin next-generation optoelectronic devices, yet the nanoscale carrier dynamics that ultimately govern their performance remain largely inaccessible. Here, we employ optical pump-probe time-resolved atomic force microscopy (OPP-TR-AFM) to investigate the…

ExperimentTheoryWSe₂
Preprintnot yet peer reviewed arXiv

Electrostatic Doping of Moiré Superlattices Controls the Optical Fingerprint of a WSe_2 /Twisted Bilayer Graphene heterostructure

We theoretically investigate the optical response of the WSe2 monolayer vertically stacked on twisted bilayer graphene (tBG) under electrostatic doping. In this heterostructure, the doped moiré superlattice of tBG generates a spatially modulated electrostatic potential that couples to the electron and hole constituents…

Preprintnot yet peer reviewed arXiv

Capacitance sensing in bilayer graphene with gate reflectometry

In the search for topological states in bilayer graphene, capacitance measurement methods are widely utilized in bridge type readouts or source-drain reflectometry setups. In this paper we demonstrate an alternative readout method based on gate reflectometry. We probe the capacitance of a BLG flake encapsulated between…

All 84 items tagged WSe₂ in the news feed  ·  RSS feed for WSe₂

Key references

  1. High-performance single layered WSe2 p-FETs with chemically doped contactsFang et al. · Nano Letters 12, 3788 (2012)cited by 1,870doi:10.1021/nl301702r
  2. Spin and pseudospins in layered transition metal dichalcogenidesXu et al. · Nature Physics 10, 343 (2014)cited by 2,860doi:10.1038/nphys2942
  3. Optically active quantum dots in monolayer WSe2Srivastava et al. · Nature Nanotechnology 10, 491 (2015)cited by 885doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.60
  4. Magnetic brightening and control of dark excitons in monolayer WSe2Zhang et al. · Nature Nanotechnology 12, 883 (2017)cited by 453doi:10.1038/nnano.2017.105
  5. Approaching the intrinsic limit in transition metal diselenides via point defect controlEdelberg et al. · Nano Letters 19, 4371 (2019)cited by 246doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00985
  6. Superconductivity in twisted bilayer WSe2Xia et al. · Nature 637, 833 (2025)doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08116-2
  7. Superconductivity in 5.0° twisted bilayer WSe2Guo et al. · Nature 637, 839 (2025)doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08381-1