A near-infrared cousin of MoS2 with unusually clean optical properties: cooled and protected between boron nitride layers, its excitons produce some of the narrowest emission lines of any 2D semiconductor. That makes it a favourite for studying how light and electrons interact in two dimensions, and a common building block in moiré heterostructures.
Crystal structure
Drag to turn
They are coordination polyhedra. Only complete ones are drawn.
Three layers of 2H-MoSe2, stacked like molybdenite: each layer is turned by 180° against the one below, so molybdenum sits over selenium, and every second layer repeats. c = 12.90 Å. A stack with an even number of layers has an inversion centre; one with an odd number does not. Cell from James and Lavik, Acta Crystallographica 16, 1183 (1963); COD 2310945.
Three layers of 3R-MoSe2, a polymorph first made at high pressure and temperature. Each layer is shifted by the same step in the same direction, so selenium sits over molybdenum and the pattern repeats only after three layers: c = 19.39 Å. It has no inversion centre at any thickness. Cell from Towle, Oberbeck, Brown and Stajdohar, Science 154, 895 (1966); COD 1528933.
Mo
Se
Cell
Hexagonal, a = 3.29 Å
Atoms per cell
3
Mo–Se bond
2.53 Å
Height
3.34 Å between the outer atom centres
Trigonal prismatic like MoS2, but selenium is the larger atom, so the cell is about 4% wider and the layer thicker. The monolayer’s optical gap drops to about 1.55 eV, against about 1.85 eV for MoS2. Geometry of bulk 2H-MoSe2: a = 3.29 Å, selenium planes 1.67 Å above and below the Mo plane.
Key properties
Monolayer A exciton at ~1.57 eV (~790 nm) at room temperature
Quasiparticle gap 2.18 eV and exciton binding energy ~0.55 eV measured by STS on bilayer graphene
Bright exciton ground state – unlike the tungsten compounds – giving strong low-temperature emission
Exciton linewidths of a few meV, approaching the radiative limit, in hBN-encapsulated samples at cryogenic temperatures
How it is made
CVD from MoO3 and selenium with hydrogen as a reducing agent
MBE on graphene or graphite – clean films for spectroscopy
Mechanical exfoliation of vapour-transport-grown crystals
MOCVD with selenium precursors
Uses, and how close they are
Excitonic, polaritonic and valleytronic research deviceslab
Near-infrared photodetectorslab
Hydrogen evolution catalysislab
Readiness runs lab → prototype → pilot → deployed.
Open problems
How do excitons dress into Fermi polarons as carriers are added, and what does this reveal about many-body interactions in two dimensions?
Can MoSe2-based moiré heterostructures host controllable arrays of quantum emitters?
What limits exciton coherence in the cleanest available samples?
Going deeper
Short notes for specialists. Choose a lens in the header and yours comes first.
For theoreticians · your lens
A clean system for exciton–electron many-body physics: in doped samples the Fermi-polaron picture has largely replaced simple trion models. The bright lowest exciton follows from band ordering, but the small conduction-band spin splitting (~20 meV) still needs SOC. Include substrate screening explicitly – quasiparticle gaps shift by hundreds of meV between vacuum, hBN and graphene.
For experimentalists · your lens
Raman A′1 near 241 cm−1 and E′ near 287 cm−1; the interlayer B12g mode near 353 cm−1 is absent in monolayers and appears from bilayers onwards – a convenient thickness check. Encapsulate in hBN to reach narrow excitonic lines.
For engineers · your lens
Mainly a research material. Selenium precursors complicate MOCVD safety (H2Se is highly toxic), and MoSe2 offers no clear transistor advantage over MoS2 or WSe2.
We numerically study exciton-photon coupling in a hybrid structure composed of a period-doubled Si3N4 photonic crystal slab and an hBN-encapsulated MoSe2 monolayer. Period doubling folds quasi-guided modes into the light cone and produces spectrally separated photonic branches whose radiative character is controlled by…
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides offer unprecedented opportunities for quantum photonics through strain-mediated exciton engineering. However, the paradoxical coexistence of strain-gradient-driven exciton funneling and efficient trion formation has remained unresolved. Here, we addre… [Phys. Rev. B 114…
Excitonic states in two-dimensional semiconductors are sensitive to time-reversal symmetry breaking, yet how interfacial exchange acts on higher-lying exciton Rydberg states remains largely unexplored. Here we show that wavelength-resolved magneto-optical Kerr spectroscopy of a proximity-coupled MoSe2/Fe3GaTe2 van der…
Here, the authors investigate the transport kinetics of indirect excitons (IXs) in a MoSe2/WSe2 van der Waals heterostructure, and observe anomalously high IX mobility, consistent with IX superfluidity.
The role of nonlinear carrier dynamics in current-driven spin phenomena remains poorly understood in van der Waals magnetic heterostructures. Here, we investigate the spin polarization and the resulting spin-orbit torque (SOT) in transition-metal dichalcogenide/chromium iodide (TMDC/CrI3) heterostructures, focusing on…
Electrical control of neutral and charged excitons in a monolayer semiconductorRoss et al. · Nature Communications 4, 1474 (2013)cited by 1,599doi:10.1038/ncomms2498
Giant bandgap renormalization and excitonic effects in a monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductorUgeda et al. · Nature Materials 13, 1091 (2014)cited by 1,870doi:10.1038/nmat4061
Fermi polaron-polaritons in charge-tunable atomically thin semiconductorsSidler et al. · Nature Physics 13, 255 (2017)cited by 605doi:10.1038/nphys3949
Approaching the intrinsic photoluminescence linewidth in transition metal dichalcogenide monolayersAjayi et al. · 2D Materials 4, 031011 (2017)cited by 336doi:10.1088/2053-1583/aa6aa1